![]() In this regard, some critical species-specific behavioral responses must be assessed in species playing key roles in trophic food webs, such as cephalopods. However, diversifying the approaches, toxicological endpoints and model organisms is necessary (1) to account for inter-specific differences in sensitivity and toxicodynamics and (2) to make extrapolations and predictions of toxicological and ecological effects possible ( Segner and Baumann, 2016). Moreover, some behavioral tests using these endpoints allow high-throughput screening assays in laboratories and can be adapted to various species. They are doubtless highly relevant to assess ecological risks as they reflect a wide range of biological functions, including predation, feeding, migration and mating ( El-Gendy et al., 2021). Several authors have suggested that behavior could be among the most sensitive, flexible and conspicuous expressions of an animal’s integrated physiological response, making it a suitable endpoint for early toxicity testing (e.g., Clotfelter et al., 2004 Hellou, 2011 Melvin and Wilson, 2013 Peterson et al., 2017).Ī large proportion of the research conducted so far in aquatic species has targeted behaviors such as predator avoidance, locomotor activity, exploration and anxiety ( Melvin and Wilson, 2013). Indeed, it has been shown that a variety of behavioral responses to contaminants, both in vertebrates and invertebrates, appear to reflect alterations in sensory, hormonal, neurological, and/or metabolic systems ( Saaristo et al., 2018 El-Gendy et al., 2021). Among them, the development of sublethal behavioral endpoints is not new ( Dell’Omo, 2002), but attracts increasing attention. In line with the 3Rs principle (Replace, Reduce, Refine), alternatives are being sought to replace conventional toxicity tests, which frequently measure mortality as an endpoint. Based on a wide body of research having assessed the effect of various environmental stressors (pharmaceutical residues, metals, carbon dioxide, anti-fouling agents) on the camouflage abilities of juvenile common cuttlefish, we discuss the relevance of this species as a toxicological model and address the challenge of color change quantification and standardization through a comparative review of the available measurement techniques.įor ethical reasons and given the growing need for risk assessment of environmental pollutants, the field of ecotoxicology is undergoing substantial changes ( Campbell et al., 2022). Therefore, the quantitative measurement of color change in cephalopod species could be developed as a powerful endpoint for toxicological risk assessment. The efficiency of this process depends on visual abilities and acuity, information processing, and control of chromatophores dynamics through nervous and hormonal regulation with which many contaminants can interfere. These latter, known as masters of camouflage, display rapid physiological color changes to conceal themselves and adapt to their surrounding environments. ![]() In this regard, it is recommended to assess critical species-specific behavioral responses in taxa playing key roles in trophic food webs, such as cephalopods. However, research tends to focus on a few model species, which limits possibilities of extrapolating and predicting toxicological effects and adverse outcomes at the population and ecosystem level. Lately, behavioral ecotoxicology has flourished because of increasing standardization of analyses of endpoints like movement. 3Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France.2Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des Milieux Aquatiques (SEBIO), UMR-I 02, Université Le Havre Normandie, Le Havre, France.1Ethologie Animale et Humaine (EthoS), UMR 6552 CNRS, Université Caen Normandie, Caen, France.Anaïd Gouveneaux 1,2 †, Antoine Minet 3 †, Christelle Jozet-Alves 1, Thomas Knigge 2, Paco Bustamante 3, Thomas Lacoue-Labarthe 3 and Cécile Bellanger 1*
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